MY FIRST NOTES

            COMPUTER MEMORY AND PROCESSORS    

• IN ORDER TO CALL,ANYTHING AS A COMPUTER IT SHOULD CONTAIN 2 IMPORTANT COMPONENTS - PROCESSOR AND RAM.
• USUALLY ALL DIGITAL SYSTEMS CONTAIN AN IMPORTANT CIRCUITS KNOWN AS CLOCK CIRCUIT WHOSE RATE IS REPRESENTED IN HERTZ.HOWEVER ONE SHOULD NOT TAKE WRONGLY THE CLOCK RATE AS THE SPEED OF THE COMPUTER.THE REAL SPEED OF THE COMPUTER VERY MUCH DEPENDS ON ITS CONSTITUENT PARTS.
• IN ORDER TO FIND OUT THE REAL COMPUTING SPEED OF A COMPUTER WE RUN VARIETY OF  INTENSIVE PROGRAMS SUCH AS MATRIX MULTIPLICATION PROGRAM, PAST FOUR YEAR TRANSFORM CALCULATION PROGRAM ,WEATHER PREDICTION PROGRAMS ETC.
• WE ESPECIALLY COUNT THE NUMBER OF OPERATIONS INVOLVED  ALONG  WITH HOW MUCH TIME IT TAKES.THE NUMBER OF OPERATIONS DIVIDED BY THE MEASURED TIME GIVES THE SPEED OF THE COMPUTER WHILE RUNNING THE PROGRAM.
• WEIGHTED AVERAGES OF SUCH A SPEED OF MENTIONED PROGRAM IS TAKEN AS THE SPEED OF THE COMPUTER.ENTIRE THIS PROCESS IS CALLED BENCH MARKING.

            RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY(RAM)

• RAM IS A VOLATILE STORAGE AREA WITHIN THE COMPUTER THAT IS TYPICALLY USED TO STORE DATA TEMPORARILY,SO THAT IT CAN PROMPTLY ACCESSED BY THE PROCESSOR.
•  THE INFORMATION STORED IN THE RAM IS LOADED FROM THE COMPUTER'S HARD DISK ,AND INCLUDES DATA RELATED TO THE OPERATING SYSTEM AND APPLICATIONS THAT ARE CURRENTLY BEING EXECUTED BY THE PROCESSOR.
• WHATEVER WE STORE IN RAM IS AVAILABLE AS LONG AS POWER SUPPLY IS AVAILABLE FOR IT. IF YOU REMOVE POWER WE LOOSE ITS CONTENT.THUS THE WORD VOLATILE IS USED WITH THIS MEMORY.
• RAM CONTAINS ELEMENTARY MEMORY DEVICES KNOWN AS FLIP FLOPS WHICH ARE SEMI-CONDUCTOR UNITS DERIVED FROM BASIC GATES SUCH AS END GATES OR GATES ETC.
• IN TODAY'S DIGITAL COMPUTERS ANYTHING THAT IS REQUIRED TO BE STORED AND PROCESSED HAS TO BE CONVERTED INTO BINARY REPRESENTATION.

  BINARY INFORMATION(BIT)

• A GROUP OF FOUR FLIP FLOPS IS CALLED AS NIBBLE.
• A GROUP OF EIGHT FLIP FLOPS IS CALLED AS BYTES AND BITS.
• ALL MODERN DAYS COMPUTERS ALLOCATES MEMORY IN MULTIPLES OF BYTES ONLY.

• THE FLIP FLOPS THAT ARE IN REGISTERS ARE FASTER THAN THE FLIP FLOPS IN RAM THUS A REGISTER ACCESSING IS FASTER THAN RAM ACCESS.
• TODAY ALL COMPUTERS THAT ARE AVAILABLE TODAY USES 2'S COMPLEMENT APPROACH.
• A POSITIVE NUMBER 2'S COMPLEMENT IS SAME AS ITS SIGN MAGNITUDE REPRESENTATION. WHEREAS FOR NEGATIVE NUMBERS 2'S COMPLEMENT IS CALCULATED IN THE FOLLOWING STEPS:

1. FIRST FIND OUT SIGN MAGNITUDE REPRESENTATION FOR ITS VALUE.
2. APPLY ONE'S COMPLEMENT FOR IT.
3. ADD 1.

                                                                                     -MY FIRST BLOG,

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